فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 126 (زمستان 1402)

Development after the end of World War II has been one of the most important issues in academic and planning circles. The main goal of development is to eliminate inequalities. Therefore, one of the important obstacles on the path of development is the existence of inequality and lack of economic and social balance at the level of the country or region. Iran also has inequality and imbalance in terms of different development indicators, so this regional inequality and imbalance is one of the prominent features of Iran's spatial development. Knowing the development levels of different regions of the country is the first step in the regional development planning process. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of spatial analysis of the development levels of Iran's provinces. Based on this, the specific objectives of the research are:Determining the importance of economic, social, cultural and infrastructure indicators;Determining the level of development of Iran's provinces;Determining the spatial distribution of development among Iran's provinces. 

The method used in this research is based on the analysis of a set of indicators to create a composite index of development by using different statistical techniques. In this research, based on the statistics available in the results of the general population and housing census of the country in 2018 and the results of the country's statistical yearbooks in 2018, 84 indicators related to the analysis of regional development in four groups: a) economic (30 indicators), b) social 24 indicators), c) cultural (10 indicators) and d) infrastructure (20 indicators) were developed. In order to solve the difference in the scale of the indicators, dividing by the mean was used in the factor analysis method, the standardization method was used in the taxonomy method, and the soft linear method was used in TOPSIS. The principal component analysis method was used to weigh the individual indicators of each regional development dimension, and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was also used to weigh the four dimensions of development. Then, the combined index of the four subgroups was calculated. For this purpose, the methods of factor analysis, numerical taxonomy and TOPSIS method were used to create a composite index of the development of the provinces. These four composite indices were combined, and the final composite index was calculated. Finally, geographic information systems and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to classify the development level of the provinces. 

The final results of determining the relative weight of the four dimensions of determining the degree of development of the provinces indicated that the economic dimension, with a relative weight of 0.536, is the most important in determining the degree of development of the provinces. After that, the infrastructure dimension, with a relative weight of 0.219, the social dimension, with a relative weight of 0.162, and finally, the cultural dimension, with a relative weight of 0.083, are located. Based on the findings of the overall composite index, the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan, Bushehr, Khuzestan and Razavi Khorasan are the best with TOPSIS composite indexes of 0.9524, 0.5428, 0.4941, 0.3449 and 0.2922 respectively. The provinces of Sistan and Balochistan, Kahgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, South Khorasan, Lorestan, and Kurdistan were ranked the lowest with TOPSIS composite indices of 0.0113, 0.0861, 0.0886, 0.0914 and 0.0961, respectively. The results of the ranking of the provinces based on the composite index show that Tehran, Isfahan, and Bushehr provinces are in the first level of development with a composite index between 0.95-0.344. Most central provinces and some northern, southern, western and eastern provinces are in the second category, i.e. medium development level with a composite index between 0.15-0.34. In the group of provinces with a low level of development, the composite index is between 0.15-0.011. It includes eastern, southeastern and southern provinces (South Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchistan and Hormozgan), northeastern and northwestern provinces (North Khorasan, Golestan, Gilan, Ardabil, West Azerbaijan), western provinces (Kermanshah, Ilam, Kurdistan, Zanjan, Hamadan, Lorestan, and Qom) and central Zagros (Kohgiluyeh, Boyerahmad, Chaharmahal, and Bakhtiari). The result of the hierarchical cluster analysis also shows three different levels of development among the provinces of Iran, which was also confirmed in the form of GIS maps. 

This research was conducted with the aim of spatial analysis of the development levels of Iran's provinces. The weighting results of the development dimensions were obtained in the order of the relative weight of the economic dimension, the infrastructure dimension, the social dimension and the cultural dimension. The leveling of different provinces based on the composite index of total development showed that. The identified spatial pattern included developed areas (including 3 provinces), areas with an average level of development (including 11 provinces) and undeveloped areas (including 17 provinces). As a result of hierarchical cluster analysis to classify the overall development level of the provinces, three clusters were identified, and it was indicative of the existence of three different levels of development among the provinces of Iran, which was also confirmed in the form of GIS maps. Moreover, it indicated the existence of a development gap between the provinces of Iran. The results of this research and the pattern of development obtained from GIS techniques and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the center-periphery model is established in Iran. Therefore, based on the research results, it is necessary to prioritize less developed provinces with a low level of development in any budget allocation for the development program. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Domestic tourism plays a key role in the tourism industry. With the global boom and expansion of the tourism industry, an increasing number of regions in developing countries have recognized the importance of tourism as an important factor in the development of the regional economy. As a bridge between the West and the East, Iran has a special place in the field of tourism in terms of special geographical conditions in the region and the Middle East, in terms of special geographical conditions in the region and the Middle East. Indeed, the expansion of economic, health, security and communication infrastructure in the 21st century has made tourism an inevitable reality in human life. Ardabil is one of the cities of Iran and the capital of Ardabil province in northwestern Iran. Ardabil province, due to its unique historical and geographical conditions, has many tourist attractions and in different seasons of the year, it receives many tourists from different parts of the country. The climatic attractions of Ardabil province are richer in spring and summer than in winter; Also, in terms of topography, Ardabil province has very strong potentials in the mountainous part. The province has many attractions. Sarein and Meshkinshahr are also two tourist cities in Ardabil province that attract many tourists to this province every year due to their pristine and eye-catching nature and warm waters. Tourism market segmentation is one of the important measures that can help marketers and planners of tourism destinations in identifying the needs and wants of tourists. The basis of tourism market segmentation is based on the concept that tourism markets are composed of different and diverse groups of tourists that members of each of these groups needs, wants, interests, personality, travel behavior, shopping style and have the same reactions to the variables of a tourism product or service offered. Segmentation serves as an important strategic tool for tourism marketers and provides practical insights into targeting, positioning and competitive analysis. Customer segmentation into different groups and identifying the characteristics of each group helps us to adopt better marketing approaches and on the other hand creates creative ideas.

The current research is a descriptive survey in terms of data collection. Also, considering that the purpose of this research is to segment the tourism market based on the travel motives of tourists, it is practical in terms of the purpose. The statistical population of this study consists of domestic tourists visiting the cities of Ardabil, Sarein and Meshkinshahr between the first of May and the end of July 2017.Sampling was done using available sampling method and the required sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula for an unlimited population, 384 people, and the number of samples were equally divided between three cities of Ardabil, Sarein, Meshkinshahr. In order to distribute the questionnaires, the prominent tourist areas of these three cities were visited in person during the specified time period.

Chi-square test was used to examine the differences between clusters based on demographic characteristics. The results show that there is a significant difference between all clusters based on demographic characteristics at the 95% confidence level. alsoIn this research, only the travel satisfaction variable has been used as a psychological characteristic. The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the clusters in terms of travel satisfaction at the 95% confidence level. The selected behavioral variables in this research included visit experience, travel companions, length of stay and source of information. The results indicate that at the 95% confidence level, there is a significant difference between all clusters in terms of behavioral characteristics. Except for cluster 4, in the rest of the clusters, more than half of the people have experienced revisiting.

As a general conclusion, it can be said that in general, the cities of Ardabil, Sarein and Meshkinshahr have many tourist attractions in most areas. Offered. For example, due to the importance of the family cluster compared to other clusters, it is necessary to create safe, comfortable and suitable environments for families, or due to the fact that the second cluster was emotional in importance, creating exciting environments or at least creating safe and clear paths. Equipping them for mountaineering will help attract more travelers to these areas. In any case, it should be noted that the most important step in the development of the tourism market is the development and improvement of urban infrastructure, attracting capital and increasing the culture of tourism among the general public. The existence of differences in motivations and goals and in general demographic factors and psychological characteristics of tourists and their behavioral patterns, clarifies the need for knowledge and knowledge of planners and trustees of tourism affairs of these characteristics. This knowledge provides a better understanding of tourism and is a valuable guide for designing more effective development plans. The main reason for the study of the motivations of tourists in choosing a tourist destination is that measuring the motivations of tourists allows us to understand the preferences and needs of tourists. Understanding what motivates tourists to choose a destination and what they tend to experience is in fact a set of vital information very important for tourism planners to improve the quality of visitor experiences and their satisfaction. If a careful study of the motives and desires of tourists in choosing different tourist destinations is not done, the desires and needs of tourists will always remain unknown and tourists will lose their satisfaction from traveling to these destinations. The results of this study show that one of the appropriate methods of market segmentation is to base the motivational factors of visitors; But this variable alone does not provide the marketer with complete information about the obtained sections.

Housing is one of the main human needs, which is known as the basic biological need for humans. Sustainable housing refers to a wide range of opportunities to improve economic development, environmental protection, quality of life and social equality. It requires a detailed and comprehensive look to be able to address the various dimensions of security, in fact, as the discovery of the hidden connections between those dimensions at different levels. Among the effective factors in the security of every city are urban spaces and places, therefore, due to the increase of social anomalies in today's societies, it is necessary to examine social security and factors affecting it. Urban areas are a place to live and to know the sense of belonging to the place of its residents is one of the necessities of maintaining the quantity and quality of this population. For this reason, social security is considered as one of the development indicators, based on which the level of development of urban housing and even countries is evaluated. Therefore, in order to solve the problems of feeling insecure in urban housing and achieving sustainable urban development, examining the components of well-being, The comfort and safety of citizens, which is one of the basic goals of urban planning. Urban insecurity in different fields includes that part of anomalies that have emerged as a result of the emergence of urbanization and the social problems caused by them and cause structural and functional damage in the urban society at different levels. Results The preliminary data from the studied area shows that the building materials used in the construction are often of very low quality and due to the lack of attention to the executive instructions considering that the city of Nowshahr is exposed to many natural disasters such as floods and especially earthquakes. Housing is one of the important indicators to maintain the safety of the residents of the study area. For the reasons that were mentioned, it seems necessary to examine the issue of housing sustainability due to its importance and impact on life-financial security, etc. In other words, the need to live in a safe environment in the study area is very important, which requires adaptation and interaction with the environment for the well-being of citizens, both mentally and objectively, according to the above-mentioned contents of this research. is to examine the set of factors that cause the stability of housing in social security in the study area .

The current research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Two library and field methods have been used to collect the required information. The statistical population of the research is Nowshahr city, which was determined based on Cochran's formula with an error of 0.05% of 384 questionnaires. A simple random method was used to distribute the questionnaire. It has been used to propose indicators using internal and external studies. The validity of the questionnaire items has been confirmed by the opinion of a number of academic researchers and its reliability has been calculated using Cronbach's alpha test to the extent of 0.75. In the analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire, structural equations of laser (SEM) have been used. In fact, structural equation model is the Persian translation of Structural Equation Model, which is also called SEM for short. This method is a special causal structure between a set of latent variables and observable variables. Using the structural equation modeling method, the relationships between hidden variables can be investigated, as well as the measurement items of each hidden variable with the relevant variable. Lisrel software is used to perform the calculations of this method. 

The findings of the research show that among the 384 respondents, 15% are in the age group of 30-40 and 30% are married, gender is 79%, place of birth is 78%, and employment is 70.24% of the total respondents in this research, the largest age range is related to the age group of 33 up to 43 years old with 32.45% and the lowest age group is 20 to 35 years old with 0.8%; Also, 17.5% were in the age group of 35 to 40 years old, 24.3% were between 45 to 55 years old, and 19.9% were over 65 years old. One of the presuppositions of using structural equation modeling using Lisrel software is the normality of the data. Therefore, in this research, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the research data. In conducting factor analysis, one must first ensure the appropriateness of the desired data for analysis (sample size and relationship between variables). For this purpose, KMO indices and Bartlett's test are used to verify the adequacy of the sample size. If the value of the KMO index is less than 0.6, the results of the factor analysis are not suitable for the data in question. 

The purpose of this research was to study the role of sustainable urban housing in social security, and the results showed the positive impact of dimensions on household social security. The results of the descriptive findings show that 10 important factors play a role in the extreme fluctuations in housing prices in Nowshahr, which include things such as: lack of access to cheap housing for citizens, fluctuations in housing prices and household savings, construction fluctuations Housing, the role-creation of municipalities and the increase in housing prices, the role of builders in housing market fluctuations, the role of intermediaries and sellers in the housing market, income inequality and high housing prices, land prices and their effect on housing price fluctuations, the presence of brokers in the housing market. and the increase in housing prices and the lack of firm rules in determining housing prices and the prevalence of speculation .

There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Afghanistan's attitude towards dam construction and water infrastructure projects is from two aspects: First, compensating for the deficiencies in the development of water, agricultural and economic infrastructures that have suffered stagnation and backwardness during the years of war, occupation and destruction, and Second, the application of hydro hegemony policy (instrumental role of water) as a part of hydro political, geopolitical policy (water against immigrants and water against oil) and Afghanistan's foreign policy in political and diplomatic exchanges with two neighboring countries, Iran and Pakistan; As a landlocked country. The main source of water supply in Mashhad is mainly underground sources. The main source of water supply in Mashhad is mainly underground sources, however, climatic changes (drought), the state of internal resources, and on the other hand, the continuous growth of the population (and in proportion to the growth of demand), have made water supply dependent on external sources. With the construction of Selma Dam on the main branch of Harirud, the water flow to Dosti Dam has decreased by 40%. The investigations of this article show that the water shortage crisis in Northeast Iran, It has geopolitical, social, political-security, economic, environmental and etc. consequences.

This research is taken into account as descriptive – analytical based on nature and method. Information on the research has been gathered in the attributive method and by referring to valid sources.

General view of the hydrology of Mashhad In total, there are more than 736,000 agricultural wells in the country, and 320,000 of them are illegal. Of this amount, 4144 wells belong to the Mashhad plain, most of which are in a supercritical condition. Part of Mashhad's surface water supply is provided by 24 rivers. There are four rivers in Ahmadabad sector, six rivers in Torgabeh sector, four rivers in Razavieh sector, six rivers in Central sector and four rivers belonging to Kalat sector. Most of these rivers are in critical condition. According to the agreements made between the governments of Iran and Turkmenistan, the manner and extent of using the water of Harirrud River and Dosti Dam have been determined. However, there is no agreement with the Afghan government in this regard. Undoubtedly, the construction and completion of water structures on Harirrud, despite a legal vacuum, regardless of the water share and the understanding of the water bottlenecks of the three countries in the common catchment area, will bring water tensions in the future. In total, the tensions caused by water shortage and dehydration in Mashhad metropolis are as follows:-Today, water has emerged as a geopolitical issue, and it affects state relations. Afghanistan's rulers of all orientations know that through water control, they will be able to control their neighbors; in this case, Afghanistan looks at Hirmand and Harirrud rivers as a political tool, and it has based foreign policy doctrine towards Iran and Pakistan on this basis.
-Water, as a rare and non-renewable resource, is the main factor of life and development and the possibility of collision of groups; it increases people and population centers together.
-The security-political tensions of water shortage in Mashhad metropolis are caused by two factors: the high rate of Mashhad's urban population, the reverse migration of villagers and suburban towns to Mashhad metropolis, and unforeseen expenses caused by the rate of the pilgrim population.
-Environmental stresses caused by water shortage in various ways, such as climate change in the region (such as the Hamon area), storms, intensification of fine dust, subsidence, emptying of underground aquifers, intensification of diseases, etc. The climate of Khorasan Razavi, according to the condition of underground water and superficial and in spite of Afghanistan's continuous dam constructions, is susceptible to very acute and severe environmental crises.
- The agricultural sector, as the largest consumer of water in the world, provides food security. Moreover, any change in climatic conditions and access to the required water and threats to the water security of the countries will also be threatened. In general, due to the lack of water, the amount of production of some products will decrease, and that is why we are facing food security.

Problems related to access and lack of water include a wide range of environmental, social, security, political and economic issues such as climate change, migration from the village to the city and the depopulation of border areas, competition and conflict between different social groups, problems related to the field of health is like all kinds of diseases, food insecurity, reduction of quality of life, mental and psychological problems, etc. The water crisis in Mashhad metropolis is a smaller picture of the big picture of the water crisis in Iran. To advance water goals, the Islamic Republic of Iran, in common water areas, while adopting active water diplomacy with its neighbors and establishing an agreement, should give legal and international legitimacy to this issue. However, this research believes that due to the inherent nature of competition over vital resources and the selfish views of upstream countries, expecting water supply from outside the basin is somewhat unrealistic. In general, the focus should be on low-cost and possible methods, for example, reforming the agricultural model within the framework of the principle of sustainable development, collection of runoff water, and utilization and recovery of wastewater and greywater. With these methods, spending less on the coast (compared to sea transfer plans, inter-regional transfer, importation, etc.), it is possible to compensate for part of the country's water tensions.

There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Urban spaces are the living places of a wide range of people, individually and collectively. Markets are considered an urban space, the center of economy, culture and historical heritage of every city, which simultaneously with the profound physical and social changes of the modern era in Iranian cities, with a decrease in value, and have faced economic, social, and physical continuity. Examining and studying the factors that cause these changes in historical markets is necessary so that the traditional market, as a manifestation of the Iranian urban space, will be able to bring the concept of the collective spirit of the place in the best way, because it is the focus of cultural heritage and historical preservation. As an example of an urban space with ancient history, Vakil Bazaar of Shiraz is an injury resulting from the incorrect imitation of the western urban planning culture, ignoring the structure of Iranian-Islamic urban planning. In general, the Vakil Bazaar and the Zandiye complex in Shiraz are among the places that bear the burden of the city's mental life and memories. Many of the characteristics and features of this market have suffered a sharp decline in quality, or in some cases, they have disappeared altogether. Investigating and analyzing how the behavioral patterns of users change in old and historical urban spaces, such as Vakil Bazaar, is of undeniable importance; because these spaces can greatly contribute to the endogenous and sustainable development of the city in various cultural, social and economic dimensions by taking advantage of the valuable heritage capabilities and capacities in addition to their social capital. Therefore, the current research has been carried out with the aim of interpreting and explaining the evolution of behavioral patterns in the Vakil Bazaar. In line with the main goal of the research, two questions are raised:- What behavior patterns have emerged from businesses, customers, and passers-by in the Vakil Bazaar?
-In what direction have the changes in the behavioral and action system of people using the Vakil Bazaar gone in the last few years?

 In order to achieve the goal of the research, in general, in this research, the questioning strategy was used to analyze the meaning of the actors' actions and understand their mental world. Collaborative observation and in-depth interviews (41 people, including 19 men and 22 women) were considered with the aim of empathetic introspection with the activists. In-depth interviews of 45 to 120 minutes were conducted in a semi-structured manner with the main carriers of the Bazaar, including various business groups and citizens present in the space, which were recorded during the interview and implemented afterward. In the selection of the interviewees, having lived experience in the Vakil Bazaar environment and being more prepared to be involved in the research were considered general conditions. Along with the gradual formation of data and the achievement of content richness, they have been implemented to categorize the findings of the interviews, and in the next step, the hidden content of the interviews was interpreted with the help of the qualitative content analysis method, and the researchers went beyond the words or the objective content of the interview texts and extracted the mentioned themes or patterns of behavior. Then, the stages of determining the initial coding, finding the relationship between them and the categories (in relation to the conceptual model of the research) took place. In general, the method of qualitative content analysis was carried out in three key phases: a) preparation, b) organization, and c) reporting of results.

 After extracting the unit of meaning, compressing words or similar sentences in a phrase, and coding, codes were extracted, which were placed in different classes (categories and subcategories) according to conceptual and thematic relevance. The codes extracted from interviews with marketers and other market carriers were generally divided into three categories: 1) the field of seller-customer interaction, 2) the field of seller-seller interaction, and 3) the field of passerby interaction. The findings show that the subcategories of "duality of overt and implicit encounter" and "feeling of security and intimateness" in the field of seller-customer interaction, subcategories of "socialization" and "socio-emotional bonding" in the field of seller-seller interaction and subcategories of "cultural age" and "sense of belonging and ownership of space" in the field of the mutual action of passersby in the present and past have differences. In order, the subcategories of "socialization" with 387 codes, "cultural age" with 305 codes, and "socio-emotional relationship" with 147 codes had the highest weight among the extracted subcategories, which are included in the components of the social relations network, sustainable patterns of activity and semantic perceptual system, respectively, and show changes regardless of the nature and historical values of the environment that should be included in the executive plans and urban management decisions.

 In general, the identified behavioral patterns are the most interesting, unique, and valuable institutionalized behaviors among the country's Bazaars; each of these behaviors, from the smallest to the largest, carries an extensive meaning that has become an unwritten mission or an identity style of urban collective life. The position of the current research, among other researches in the field of behavior in historical environments, is valuable because it has changed behaviors by comparing and examining contemporary behaviors with past behaviors in the environment. Discovering and systematizing these behavior patterns (before the main actors have not disappeared) makes possible the permanence and emergence of desirable behavior patterns as a part of the subculture of traditional markets. The need to pay attention to the collection of what has been achieved in the executive plans and decisions of urban management should be placed on the agenda, so that this field is not only viewed as a heritage body, but also as a place for the emergence of an ancient behavioral system. Future research can be done by emphasizing historical studies to identify the exact physical changes and people's mental meanings when faced with historical images in traditional samples.

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The idea of ​​establishing and launching free zones in Iran was formed in the early 1951s. In February 1971, a law was passed by which the government was allowed to exempt all stores of specified islands of the Persian Gulf from the payment of duties and taxes, customs, commercial profit, monopoly, various duties, and the right to register an order for all goods which are used for consumption, use, and sale. With the occurrence of the revolution and the cultural and social alterations that followed, in February 1980, the Revolutionary Council finally designated Kish Island as the first free trade zone. In 1989, according to the law of the First Development Plan, the government was permitted to establish free trade-industrial zones in three border points of the country. After that, the government proclaimed Qeshm Island and Chabahar Port as the country's free zones. The Islamic Parliament established Aras as a Free Zone on October 24, 2003, in order to accelerate the implementation of infrastructure, development, prosperity, economic growth and development, investment and increase the public income, create healthy and productive occupation, active presence in global and regional markets, production and export of Industrial and alterant goods and services. Arvand Free Zone officially started its activity on July 25, 2004. Anzali Free Trade-Industrial Zone is one of the free zones of Iran, which was established in 2005 due to the economic plans of this country. 

This study is applied and descriptive-analytical based on field studies. The statistical population of the current study is the rural households of 5 villages in the Rural District of Licharaki-Hasan Rud, which has over 2500 households and a population equal to 7596. Considering a 5% error level, the required number of samples was determined to be 312 according to Cochran's formula. The questions in this study were set on a Likert scale in five grades (very low, low, medium, high, and very high). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the research components equals 83%. The questionnaire data were analyzed and evaluated using SPSS software and descriptive and inferential tests. Moreover, the required maps were designed in ArcGIS software. Bandar Anzali County is in Gilan Province; it has a longitude of 49 degrees and 28 minutes, a latitude of 37 degrees and 28 minutes, and a height above sea level minus 26 meters. Anzali Port is connected to the Caspian Sea from the north to Someh Sara County from the south, Rasht County from the east, and Rezvanshahr County from the west. This city is in a plain area in a narrow strip along the Caspian coast and has a temperate and humid climate. Part of the natural environment of this county is the Caspian Sea (40 km of Coastal strip), and another essential part is the valuable ecosystem of Anzali Lagoon. The area of Anzali County is 275 square kilometers, of which the share of the urban area is 49.31 square kilometers. Due to the population concentration, Anzali County is one of the densest cities in Iran. Bandar Anzali County has a central district, two rural districts called Licharaki-Hasan rud and Chahar-Farizeh and 32 villages, and its center is Bandar Anzali. Its population is 139015 people, of which 118564 live in cities and 20459 in villages. There are 7 villages in Licharaki Rural District and 25 villages in Chahar-Farizeh Rural District. 

Free trade-industrial zones should be considered as a bridge between national and international economies. On the one hand, it strengthens the basis of export expansion by attracting foreign direct investment. On the other hand, it converts the proportional advantages of the economy into an actual one via potential resources and talents. The purpose of designating and developing free zones is to increase and develop exports, create jobs, attract domestic and foreign investors and transfer technology, increase public revenues, increase tourism, improve the country's economic position and benefit from a competitive economy. The results of the Chi-square correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between economic, social, and physical indexes with the establishment of a free zone indicate a significant relationship up to a 99% confidence level. Friedman's results also demonstrate a significant difference between the studied indexes, and the values ​​assigned to each indicate their importance. Furthermore, Wilcoxon and McNemar's tests are exerted to compare the studied indicators before and after the establishment of the free zone, which illustrates a significant difference of 99%.

A free trade zone is a specific territory often located inside or near a port, where free trade with other parts of the world is permitted, and goods can be exported or imported without paying customs duties and taxes. Therefore, free zones are a way to enter global trade and facilitate economic activity in the world. In this regard, surrounding villages are affected by the activities of the free zones. Their performances significantly impact the region's sustainable economic and socio-cultural development. After establishing the free zone, most of the economic, social, and physical indicators of the villages in the study area were improved despite some limitations. Accordingly, the quality of villagers' lives has improved. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

 Citizen participation is a mechanism to guide local development and governance. Therefore, planning for participation, informed and meaningful presence of citizens in various cultural, social, economic, welfare, and local fields is considered as one of the urban development's most important concerns and necessities. While the urbanization process in developing countries has increased dramatically over the past 20 years, it is clear that the ability of governments to support the growth of urbanization and urban development has not been able to keep pace with this trend in many cases. Good urban governance is considered one of the most essential linking factors between governance principles, and new and adaptive organizational approaches. Using concepts such as participation, accountability, the rule of law, transparency, justice, efficiency, and accountability lays the foundation for sustainable development. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of good urban governance indicators on the regeneration of worn-out textures in Kamiyaran city. 

 The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical. The data collection method was both field and library. In order to achieve the goals of the research, first of all, the effect of city regeneration criteria (economic, social, cultural, physical, and environmental-ecological) on regeneration and governance criteria (participation, accountability and responsibility, law enforcement, collective agreement, justice, transparency, strategic vision, and effectiveness and efficiency) on good urban governance in the city of Kamiyaran are examined and further the effect of good urban governance indicators (as the independent variable) is measured on urban regeneration indicators (as dependent variable), and then, the effect of good urban governance indicators (as an independent variable) on urban regeneration indicators (as a dependent variable) were measured. In order to accurately measure the validity of completed questionnaires, factor loading test, KMO and Bartlett coefficients were used in SPSS software. The KMO coefficient is equal to 0.709, and the Bartlett coefficient is equal to 0.001, which indicates the appropriate validity conditions of the prepared and completed questionnaires. The KMO coefficient is equal to 0.709, and the Bartlett coefficient is equal to 0.001, which indicates the appropriate validity conditions of the prepared and completed questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the research. A zero value of this coefficient indicates a lack of reliability, and +1 indicates complete reliability. Cronbach's alpha is equal to 0.921, which indicates the very good reliability of the completed research questions. In this regard, to identify the main components of the local governance process using the mutual or cross-influence analysis method, ISM analysis with the help of Mic Mac software has been used. Finally, to measure the level of local governance in different dimensions and criteria in the studied localities, it is necessary to use multi-indicator decision-making models, considering that the TOPSIS model compares the current situation of Kamiyaran city neighborhoods with ideal situations, which is suitable.

The general result of the current state of urban regeneration in Kamiyaran city shows inappropriate/moderate conditions. The TOPSIS score of 0.40 indicates the condition of 40% of regeneration criteria in Kamiyaran city for the success of urban plans and programs. The overall score of TOPSIS for all economic indicators for the purpose of urban regeneration shows average conditions and 41% conditions in the regeneration of Kamiyaran city. Among all social status indicators, the average score of the Likert scale is 2.58, and the average TOPSIS score is 0.39, which indicates the inappropriate conditions of the social index. From the total indicators of physical condition, the average score of the Likert scale is 2.53 with TOPSIS score of 0.38, which indicates the inappropriate conditions of physical indicators. It should be noted that most of the indicators of the physical sector have inappropriate conditions. Among all the investigated indicators of environmental-ecological conditions, the average score of the Likert scale is 2.63 with an average TOPSIS score of 0.41, which shows the average conditions of these indicators. Among all the investigated indicators of the cultural status, the average score of the Likert scale is 0.42, which indicates the average level and downward conditions of the cultural indicators. The results of the institutional situation (formal and informal institutions) show the poor/average conditions of institutional indicators in Kamiyaran city, so that the average TOPSIS score is 0.40, which shows the 40% level of satisfaction and appropriateness of institutional indicators in Kamiyaran city. 

The results of this research showed that by using the good urban governance approach, it is possible to improve the regeneration process at the level of city neighborhoods by organizing and making decisions based on democratic understanding, increasing participation and emphasizing the role of local communities. This is despite the fact that today, urban management cannot achieve sustainable goals with the past approaches due to the complexity of urban issues and challenges, especially in worn-out textures and the extent of this issue in different dimensions. For this reason, in recent years, various criteria and indicators have appeared in the development and regeneration of urban textures. The most important of them are the vitality of urban spaces, readability, security, belonging to a place, access to footpaths, government's attention to worn-out texture, municipality's attention to worn-out texture, level of awareness of existing plans, the existence of non-governmental organizations, grading of parts, building materials, access to Green space, access to commercial and service uses, access to leisure uses, desire to continue living in the neighborhood, duration of living in the neighborhood, participation rate, willingness to participate, social relations with neighbors, housing facilities, health level in the neighborhood.

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

On average, one million people have migrated and moved within the country in recent decades in Iran. Changing the pattern of rural-to-urban migration to inter-urban migration, increasing migration in geographical distances, increasing the share and participation of women in migration flows, regional inequalities, and increasing the emigration flows from the east and west to the central parts of the country, are the most important features of recent internal migration in Iran. Migration and internal displacements occur in response to various factors with different effectiveness. Based on the life course approach, migration depends on individual characteristics and includes diverse target groups. Migration is strongly linked to an individual’s passage through life course stages. The increase in migration in some periods of the life cycle affects migration selectivity. For example, people who are of the age to enter work or get married are more likely to leave home and migrate. In this regard, the article uses micro-census data from 2011 and 2016 and the indicators, such as migration intensity and age at migration peak, to examine migration in Iran. 

In this research, the secondary analysis of individual data of a two percent sample of Iran's population and housing censuses in the years 2011 and 2016 has been used. Four independent variables of age, gender, education, and marital status were used to examine migration selectivity. Two indicators of migration intensity and age profiles were calculated as dependent variables. Excel and SPSS software were used for data analysis. Using logistic regression, we investigated the effect of independent variables on the probability of migration during 2006-2016.

The results of the study showed that in the recent decade, the highest inter-provincial migration intensity was related to Alborz and Semnan provinces, and the lowest values were related to Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, and West Azerbaijan provinces. The migration peak age was 24 years in 2011. The provincial differences in the peak age of migration varied from 21 years in Ardabil and Hamadan provinces to 31 years in Ilam and Lorestan provinces in 2011. The migration peak age increased to 28 years in 2016. Provincial differences in the migration peak age varied from 21 years in Qom province to 36 years in Illam province in 2016. The highest migration intensity at peak age was found in Bushehr and Semnan provinces in 2011 and Semnan and Alborz provinces in 2016. Therefore, in the transition stage to adulthood, people are in the healthiest state of life and can migrate and move more efficiently. Thus, the study's results showed that in the decade 2006-2016, we faced age delay (especially for men) and less migration intensity at its peak. A postponement of migration to older ages is consistent with a progressive delay in transitioning to adult roles later in life for both males and females. Migration in Asian countries is concentrated in the early 20s of life, while in Europe and North America, the peak of migration is at older ages, and its scope is more scattered.
Based on the results, from 2011 to 2016 compared to the period of 2006-2011, gender differences in migration decreased. Of course, the results showed that men and women have different migration behaviors and reasons. Male migration age patterns are shaped by military service and employed-related moves, whereas females migrate for family- and education-related reasons. Therefore, migration is a gender construct and the role of women should be investigated in migration studies. Also, the results of the study indicated that the probability of migration of people with a university education has increased in recent years. As Bernard et al. (2018), stated there are several paths and channels through which education is related to migration: First, education facilitates migration by reducing costs and barriers to movement. Second, migration can allow migrants to acquire new skills through education. Hence, a significant number of young people migrate for further education. Finally, through migration, the distribution of human capital can change the share and composition of knowledge and skills in both origin and destination regions.
Also, the results showed that the migration intensity among ever-married people is higher than among never-married people. Therefore, marital status is another factor affecting migration and decisions. Bernard et al. (2018) showed that family formation and marriage, which is one of the stages of transition to adulthood, affect migration patterns.
Therefore, the most significant migration intensity has been among young people, men, married people, and university graduates. In addition, the results showed that migration intensity of all ages is higher in more developed provinces than in other provinces and urban areas than in rural areas.

In general, it can be concluded that from 2011 to 2016, compared to the period of 2006-2011, gender differences in migration decreased. On the contrary, the probability of migration of people with a university education has increased. Therefore, in some life cycle periods, the migration reaches its peak. Hence, life cycle and life transition factors are consistent with the migration intensity. Thus, migration is a selective process, and it can have different consequences for the origins and destinations of migration. As a result, it is essential to pay attention to the dimensions of migration selectivity in policy-making.

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Those squares of Hamedan city that are studied in this research are, in fact, historical sites that, as a result of urban developments, are located inside urban squares today. Nevertheless, they still retain their function as a social base for citizens. Although the middle island of these squares is now surrounded by cars, people are even more likely to use them. The present study seeks to explain the relationship between the green centers of old neighborhoods (Chaman) and contemporary park-squares as two types of symbolic green places in Hamedan with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The main questions are as follows:-What are the similarities in the causes of the durability of symbolic green spaces of the city of Hamadan (Chaman and park-square) and the reasons for their high presence in the same traffic hazards?
-What factors in each of the physical, functional, and semantic aspects have a greater impact on the durability of the place in comparison with Chaman and park-square?

Two stages of research were designed to get answers to the questions. The first stage involved studying the historical background of the lawns of Hamadan's neighborhoods and park-squares and examining its physical and functional dimensions, which was done using a qualitative method. In the second stage, by selecting four important park-squares of the city and four samples of standing Chamans in the old context of Hamadan as analytical samples, a descriptive-survey method was used to investigate the indicators of form, activity, and meaning so that the relationship between these two types of symbolic and generally green places is explored. In the second stage of the research, three executive subsections were defined. The first part was done qualitatively with observation and photography tools, the second quantitatively with the gating technique, and the third quantitatively with the questionnaire tool and gap analysis technique.

Field observation and examination of the samples yielded data regarding the internal and surrounding uses of lawns and park-squares, accessibility, geometry, color and material of floor and wall materials, space facilities such as furniture and parking, and also valuable single grains. Also, the area of lawns and the number and area of functional species in them (educational, gathering and recreation, shopping, worship) were obtained through field observation and comparison with the information of the General Department of Roads and Urban Development of Hamadan province. The investigation of the volume of pedestrian traffic shows that the most pedestrian traffic among the study park-squares is in Imam Square. After that, Avicenna Mausoleum Square, Baba Taher and Imam Zadeh Square are in the next ranks of pedestrian movements. Also, among the lawns, the most pedestrian traffic flows in the Kababian Chaman and the least traffic flows in the Mosala Chaman. Haji and Kolapa Chaman are in the middle of the traffic volume. Since the purpose of the research is to find similarities in the reasons for the durability of symbolic green places and also the reasons for their high presence, as well as to find the most effective factors in the durability of study places. Therefore, for comparative evaluation, questionnaire tool and gap analysis technique were used. Examining the average values of responses for parks shows that safety and sound comfort (1.93) is the least effective factor, and the variety of surrounding uses (4.22) is the most effective factor in the presence of citizens. On the other hand, the average values of the answers about lawns, the size, and dimensions of the space (2.28) are the last degree of importance and the age and historical backgrounds (4.2) are the priority among the durability indicators of the place. These results show that space activity is a more important factor in the choice of squares by citizens; while the meaning of space has played a more important role in the presence of study lawns.

The research results show that the similarities in the reasons for the durability of symbolic green places in Hamadan city and their high presence despite traffic hazards are mainly dependent on semantic factors. These meanings in lawns depend on the age and historical background, and in park-squares, on the elements of indicators, symbols and signs, and uniqueness, and in both of them, their importance and validity. Among the other similarities in the reasons for the presence of lawns and park-squares, which can be obtained by examining the high values of correlation coefficients, are the shape factors, including the materials and colors of the surfaces, and the size and dimensions of the space. The output values in the comparison between Chaman and Park-square show that the indicators of the shape of the space, including natural factors, visual landscape, and enclosure and independence, have created a greater gap in terms of influencing durability; In such a way that the first two indicators in the park-square and the third indicator in the lawns have more favorable conditions.

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In the macro goals of the country's social and economic development programs, the correct and sustainable use of existing natural resources to improve the quality of life of present and future generations has been emphasized. For this purpose, planning to create balance in the environment of the regions and equip development centers by expanding the infrastructure and production capacity of the environment according to the capabilities, conditions, and environmental considerations as one of the essential policies of economic development in different regions of the country is recommended. Today, tourism is a significant industry worldwide and plays a significant role in countries' economic prosperity. One of the important economic effects of tourism is the rapid growth of job creation, which has effectively developed and expanded job opportunities for different segments of society. The strategic-management process can be described as an objective, logical, systematic approach to making major organizational decisions. It attempts to organize qualitative and quantitative information in a way that allows effective decisions to be made under conditions of uncertainty. Although strategic management is not a pure science that lends itself to a nice, neat, one-two-three approach, the process is widely viewed to consist of three distinct stages as strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. A strategic plan provides individuals and groups with a way to deal with future threats and opportunities and their potential impact on the organization or community. In this regard, the present study aims to prioritize the planning strategies in the region.

 The present study uses the strategic planning process of the tourism capabilities and functions of Shahinshahr and Meimeh and its surrounding environment to determine practical strategies and guidelines for tourism development in the study area. This study applied two techniques such as the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In order to identify strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, interviews with experts and activists in the field of tourism have been made with the study of related texts and documents. This paper introduces the concept of MADM into SWOT analysis to construct a quantified SWOT analytical method. Therefore, it is constructed according to the four factors of decision-making as alternatives, criteria, performance, and weight. Alternatives refer to objects to be compared. Criteria refer to the key factors of external assessment. Performance structure refers to the weights of the critical factors. Performance means the performance of the object compared under the evaluation of all the key factors. The aim of applying the hybrid method is to improve the quantitative information basis of strategic planning processes. Finally, the most important internal and external factors promoting tourism development in the region were identified after screening. After obtaining the required information, the region's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were weighed using the SWOT analytical model. Then, the QSPM technique was used to prioritize the strategies by completing a questionnaire and AHP in an Expert Choice environment.

The results of the SWOT showed that the tourism development plan is in the first part of the matrix, IE, the offensive or development strategy, which indicates the dominance of strengths and opportunities over weaknesses and threats. Weighing the importance of internal and external factors based on the AHP method also presented similar results to the SWOT model. The results of the prioritization of strategies based on the QSPM method showed that among the proposed strategies, planning strategy to increase the length of stay of tourists in the region, especially overnight stay, is the priority and a systemic view and synergy to the tourism capacity of the city and surrounding environment in the comprehensive plan of tourism is in the second priority of higher importance. The results of the prioritization of strategies by the AHP method showed that a systematic and synergistic view of the tourism capacities of the city and the surrounding environment in the comprehensive tourism plan is the priority (0.292), and planning to increase the length of stay of tourists in the region, especially overnight stay in the second priority (0.270) for tourism development in the study area.

The method used in the study can be applied in similar research related to tourism destination management. One of the strengths of the present study was that the relationship among elements could be helpful in better identifying the area, and attention to the surrounding environment can be practical in providing a more comprehensive approach. The result also showed that some key elements could simultaneously be considered strengths and opportunities, and a more realistic view of strategic planning and strategy formulation can be established.

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In the past decades, due to the rapid increase in urbanization, special attention has been paid to urban land use changes so that human activities strongly influence the ecosystem in urban areas, and the life of half of the world's population is closely dependent on human activities in urban areas. Urban land use planning in Iran is done through Master and Detailed plans. The experience of more than half a century of land use planning in this country, which has been evaluated in numerous studies, shows its failure and what we are witnessing today is the crisis caused by the lack of implementation and realization of land use planning in the master and detailed projects. The proposed uses of future urban plans are not implemented in Iran for various reasons or they are changed. In the planning and management of cities, the plans that are prepared must be in line with the approved plans and have the least differences, with their proposals, criteria and zoning, unless with the agreement of the employer and decision-making bodies، the said plans do not comply with the above plans
 

In terms of type, this research is part of applied research and in terms of method, it is part of descriptive-analytical research. In this research، the amount and manner of non-compliance of the detailed plan with the third master plan were extracted. Then the impact of the non-compliance of the detailed plan with the master plan in each of the sub-areas will be investigated and then by considering the criteria of each of the sub-areas of the master and detailed plan and the changes that have occurred، the increase in population capacity (residential and not service provision) has been investigated.
 

Region 4 has the highest discrepancy with 2052 hectares، followed by Tehran's 22nd region with 1277 hectares, while Region 13 has the lowest amount of discrepancies with 159.8 hectares and Region 9 with 208.9 hectares. In total, about 33% of the areas defined in the master plan have been changed in the detailed plan. In total, out of 2052 hectares changed, the mixed zone had the largest share and about 996 hectares of it were changed to green zone (80 hectares), residential zone (713 hectares) and activity zone (202 hectares). Among the transformed (changed from the comprehensive zone), the residential zone had the largest share with 842 hectares so that 58.97 hectares of it were changed from the green zone, 713.25 hectares from the mixed zone and 70.4 hectares from the activity zone. The average growth of the population of the district 4 of Tehran is nearly 4 times the average (3.78 times) of the growth of the population in the city of Tehran. This can be due to various factors. Naturally there must be residential capacity in this area for the population to settle in this area. However part of the current residential capacity of the district 4 of Tehran where the population currently resides and has been approved as residential in the detailed plan. has been in the form of a mixed zone, green zone or activity zone in the master plan. In the changed mixed zone in the district 4 of Tehran according to the considered population loading criteria, about 133 thousand people could live. However, with the implementation of these changes in the detailed plan. the population load of these zones has greatly increased and increased to about 430 thousand people, which is more than 3 times the loading capacity determined in the master plan (without considering sub-zone R231). The highest amount of changes in the green zone is related to the R122 subzone. where 51.24 hectares have been converted from the green zone to a residential zone. About 35438 people have been added to the population of district 4.
 

Among the regions of Tehran the most significant amount of changes with a volume of 2052 hectares has been related to the District 4 of Tehran. In other words about 33% of the zoning of the master plan has changed in this region. Investigations have shown that the largest volume of changes was related to the mixed zone which has changed nearly 996 hectares of which 713 hectares have been changed to a residential zone. But the important issue in this change of zones is changing the criteria and increasing the living capacity in the region and finally the increase in population and the need of this population for services per capita. Surveys have shown that with the change of zones nearly 430 thousand people have been added to the population capacity of the city (only the residential capacity and not the provision of services).

The topic of creative city is one of the theories proposed in the postmodern and late paradigm, which has caused huge transformations and developments in cities and has provided the growth and sustainable development of cities. However, the most important element and requirement for realizing this issue depends on urban branding and creating a favorable mental image; for this purpose, cities can be successful in the global arena and competition with each other for globalization and raising their name at the international level. Cities are the main places where creativity and innovation emerge, and this creativity is considered vital for their economic success. In recent years, counter-development has received much attention in the theoretical literature and urban planning practice. The creative development of cities requires different fields, the most important of which are urban branding and the development of citizen participation. 

Considering the nature and method of answering the research questions, this research is descriptive-quantitative and applied in terms of the type of goal. In this research, information has been collected through surveys and documents. The information obtained from these questionnaires was quantitatively entered into the SPSS software first to check the Cronbach's alpha value in order to confirm the accuracy of the questionnaire. This coefficient, with a value of 0.97, indicates good and reliable internal validity of the questionnaire questions. Then, in the next step, using Smart PLS3 software, the findings were modeled and analyzed. Also, in order to evaluate the collected data, methods of reliability (composite reliability, Cronbach's alpha and average variance) and validity (confirmatory factor analysis and divergent and convergent validity) were used. In the current research, the views and opinions of citizens have been used to investigate the impact of indicators on the realization of a creative city. Therefore, the statistical population in this research includes all citizens living in Rasht. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the sample size, which is 382. In this research, 410 questionnaires were distributed online among citizens and residents of Rasht. Based on this, this research aims to investigate the impact of Rasht's urban management measures in different areas on the realization of the creative food city brand of this city. Finally, for this purpose, appropriate solutions have been provided to achieve this goal. Also, this research aims to answer these questions:-Which index is the most important index in the realization of the creative city brand of Rasht?-In which areas has the performance of urban management been weak? 

From the analysis of the research data, several key categories are obtained. In this section, we will only mention these items. The “Economic Development” index, with the highest average (3.21) and the “Financial Support and Facilitation” index, with an average of 2.56, has the lowest average among the research indicators. Also, the lowest average among the subjects of this research is related to the two indicators of “setting up an electronic system to manage requests” and “a suitable platform for two-way interaction between officials and people.” On the other hand, according to the results of the significance test of the indicators, only the influence of the indicators “use of cultural and historical capacities,” “economic transformation,” and “networking and participation” are confirmed and significant. Finally, the two indicators of “economic transformation” and “networking and participation” have had the greatest impact on the realization of the branding of Rasht in the current conditions. 

According to the results obtained from the model, the index of economic development has had the most significant impact on Rasht's urban branding. After that, the indicators of networking, participation, and the use of historical and cultural capacities have had the greatest impact, respectively. Based on this, economic development in the city, especially in the field of food and feed, and as a result, the improvement of the economic situation is one of the most important factors in improving and realizing the branding of this city. But one of the most important factors for the realization of urban branding is proper networking and infrastructure improvement to increase the level of citizens' participation. In this regard, according to the feedback received from the citizens, setting up an electronic system in order to create a suitable platform for interaction between citizens and city management to take advantage of people's ideas and the creative class can be a fundamental step in improving this index and ultimately improving the image and brand of this city in the national and international arena. On the other hand, the indicator of the use of cultural and historical capacities is another influential factor that requires additional attention from the urban management of this city. Based on this, urban management can play an impressive role in branding this city by improving educational and cultural infrastructures to promote creativity and transfer the cultural and historical assets of Gilan province to the young generation, along with the revival and recreation of historical buildings. However, among the noteworthy results of this research is the low impact and lack of meaning of policy indicators in the field of the creative city, the creation of creative and eventful urban spaces, and especially the indicator of financial support and promotion of the activities of the creative class. This indicator even has a negative impact on branding. Considering the low average of these indicators in Rasht, which is based on the views and evaluation of the citizens, it is not far from the expectation that these indicators have the least or even a negative impact. In this regard, Rasht's urban management policies require special attention regarding financial support for the creative class and providing facilities and facilities to encourage and facilitate the activities of this class so that an effective step can be taken to realize the creative city brand of Rasht. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Water is a basic human need and the key to economic development. From the beginning of civilization, people have faced common problems with rivers and freshwater. Water is currently a political issue and should be defined similarly to pressure politicians to recognize the need for political solutions and take responsibility for it. Water policies, commonly known as hydro politics, are policies that affect access to "water resources" and "water" that play an important role in the management of transboundary waters. The term "hydro politics" was coined in 1979 by Waterbury to mean policies influenced by water resources. Kraak believes that hydro politics is the study of geopolitics and international relations around transboundary waters. According to Rai, hydro politics refers to the ability of geopolitical institutions to manage shared water resources in a politically sustainable manner, a process without tension or conflict between political institutions. Tayie believes that in hydro politics, international conflict or political phenomena of cooperation are examined according to constants, variables, and water rights. A closer look at the definitions of hydro politics reveals that hydro politics is about conflict, cooperation, and involvement of governments as major actors in the common international river basin. The Helmand River drains half of southern Afghanistan. and supplies about 80 percent of the water to the uninhabited areas of Sistan. The Helmand River drains half of southern Afghanistan and supplies about 80 percent of the water to the uninhabited areas of Sistan, is the longest river in Afghanistan, about 1,300 km long, and originates in the Hindu Kush Mountains, about 40 km west of Kabul, north of the Onai Pass, and has five tributaries. In the last hundred years, the Afghans have consumed more water and reduced the amount of water flowing to Sistan by separating several canals from Helmand and building reservoirs and diversion dams. Therefore, it can be said that the location of most of the Helmand River in the territory of Afghanistan has caused the Afghan government in recent decades to use Helmand, as a political tool, to influence Iran's foreign policy and positions. This superior position of Afghanistan has led to its geopolitical superiority over Iran, which has always led to Iran's flexibility towards Afghanistan and its geopolitical dependence on the Helmand River water resources. 

In the current research, we downloaded Landsat satellite images for the last three decades to identify and prepare a land use map in the Helmand watershed using the virtual satellite image processing engine (Google Earth Engine). The Kappa coefficient (most pessimistic) and Overall Accuracy (most optimistic) were used to validate the research data. Due to the lack of access to the study area, control points were collected by visual sampling using Google Earth Engine to validate the data. 

The Helmand River is an international river because it is not completely located inside Afghanistan. It can be said that Sistan in eastern Iran is almost 100% dependent on the water of the Helmand River for reasons such as arid and hyper arid climate, extreme heat, desert winds and high erosion, successive drought, lack of deep underground wells, etc. These factors become a more acute problem for the people of Sistan when Afghanistan, which covers about 89 percent of the river's water, experiences severe droughts, low rainfall, low temperatures, and high evaporation in the Helmand Basin. These environmental factors have led Afghanistan to ignore international agreements between the two sides by building several dams on the Helmand River, closing its outlets, and not paying Iran's "water rights" in full. Thus, water has become a political issue between the two countries under widespread environmental factors and has formed Helmand hydro politics.To make the environmental factors affecting Helmand hydro politics more tangible, we have measured three classes of water, vegetation, and soil in the Helmand River Basin using remote sensing. The study results showed that when there is water shortage, lack of rainfall, and drought in the Helmand River Basin in Afghanistan, the Afghan government takes political measures against the downstream country. Measures such as the construction of new dams, closing the doors of old dams, disregard for bilateral agreements, and non-compliance with Iran's water rights by the upstream country will intensify water tensions in the basin. 

In fact, political instability in Afghanistan, the rise of extremist Islamist (Taliban government) or anti-Iranian governments (Ashraf Ghani government), on the one hand, and the US military occupation of the country, and the issue of its withdrawal, on the other hand, have pushed Helmand's hydro politics into controversial hydro politics. On the Iranian side of the basin, improper water resources management and the authorities' emphasis on 100% dependence of Sistan on the Helmand River to avoid accepting responsibility will intensify water crises in Sistan. These political factors exacerbate adverse environmental factors throughout the basin. The detection of land use changes in the Helmand River Basin and data analysis confirms the influence of environmental factors on the intensification of political decisions in the Helmand Basin. The recapture of Afghanistan in August 2021 by Taliban extremists, despite the unwritten promises of the group's leaders, does not promise water cooperation in the Helmand River Basin. The transition from the hydro politics of conflict to the hydro politics of cooperation depends on political stability, attention to human rights issues, adherence to the treaties and agreements set by the upstream country, Afghanistan. On the other hand, Iran must show goodwill to expand cooperation in the region. However, the rapid, far-reaching, and imminent developments in Afghanistan have led us to say that we must wait for the future to analyze the hydro political future of the Helmand River Basin. 

There is no funding support.  Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Based on the arid and semi-arid region of the south of the country, Bushehr province receives a large part of its water needs from the water resources of the neighboring provinces of Fars, Kohgiluyeh, and Boyer Ahmad, with successive droughts and little and irregular rainfall; thus it is facing a water challenge. Due to the existing conditions and the reduction of water resources in the neighboring provinces, there is a possibility of water cuts, conflicts, and hydropolitical tensions. Lack of water, in addition to its effect on economic security and creating local and regional tensions, the development process of this province faces a problem. It is expected that if this trend continues, the province will face more hydropolitical challenges in the future. The current research aims to explain and evaluate the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province and its effect on the economic security of the province. This research seeks to answer the following question:-What are the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province and what is its effect on the economic security of the province? 

In terms of the purpose, the present research is applied in terms of exploratory nature and in terms of mixed data, which means that in the qualitative phase of the research, semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, as well as indirect observation (reading of texts), were used. In the quantitative phase of the research, a survey study was used to collect data. Then, based on the organized themes of the qualitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed in the form of a five-point Likert scale, and after validation and reliability, 165 experts in the field of water and political geography of Bushehr province were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Completed Finally, after coding, extracting and using SPSS26 and Smart-PLS statistical software, the research data were tested and interpreted in two sections: descriptive and inferential. 

The research findings have been made in two parts as qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, after reviewing the texts and semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, they have been analyzed. After discovering and enumerating, the conceptual model of Bushehr province's hydropolitical challenges and economic security of Bushehr province has been drawn. In the quantitative section, after coding, the data obtained from the questionnaire were extracted and transferred to SPSS26 and Smart-PLS software and were analyzed and interpreted in two parts: descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The independent variable of hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province is above the average level with 45.466 (with a test average or cut-off line of 36), and the dependent variable of economic security with 80.392 (with a test average or cut-off line of 63). Therefore, it indicates that the amount of hydropolitical challenges in Bushehr province is relatively high because this rate is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of questions. The second and third hypotheses of the research have been confirmed at the error level of 0.01. However, the first hypothesis has not been confirmed, considering that the T test value is below 1.96. 

The descriptive findings of the research show that the independent variable of Bushehr province's hydropolitical challenges with an average of 45.466, and its dimensions include extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 6.406 and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 39.060 and the dependent variable of economic security with an average of 80.3925 in the statistical population under investigation is above the test average or the cut-off line. Therefore, they are not in a favorable situation because their level is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of questions measured by the variables. The inferential findings of the research also show the first hypothesis of the research, "There is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and the economic security of the province," according to the T value of 0.848 is less than 1.96 and its significance level is more significant than 0.05. As a result, this hypothesis is rejected. The second hypothesis of the research, "there is a significant effect between intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and economic security of the province," its T value is 3.220, which is greater than 2.58. Therefore, its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the second hypothesis is confirmed. The third hypothesis of the research, "there is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges," its T value is equal to 3.04, which shows that its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the third hypothesis is also confirmed. According to the findings obtained from the evaluation of the research model, the research's general hypothesis that Bushehr's hydropolitical challenges affect the economic security of the province is confirmed. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Regions are locations where political processes involving many actors take place; they do not totally preexist and are not rigidly fixed in situ. Regions influence human civilizations' actions, emotions, activities, and ideas through full dynamics. The structural and functional qualities of political systems and many interactions in historical trends that take the form of beliefs, identities, and norms impact the regions. Regions are continually growing and collapsing due to geopolitical variables and the dynamics of the international system due to the dynamism of regions, the effect of diverse geographical elements, and functional changes in geographical scales. Interaction between players operating at various geographic scales is necessary to find answers to global concerns. Inequalities, such as a lack of resources and a high degree of well-being, military and security operations, international trade, and the emergence of pollutants and harmful environmental stimuli, are crises that call for collaboration and convergence in the field of geography. Incorporating different aspects of bio-social, cultural, economic, political, institutional, environmental, and water diplomacy in common watersheds, etc., as well as other factors that can speed up and facilitate political-security cooperation, is how regional convergence develops. Regional convergence engages more and fresher activists at various levels to play a more active role in the geographical space in accordance with the environmental capacities. Divergent geopolitical forces will impact geographical units' political, security, economic, and cultural actions if regional convergence is not developed under the influence of convergent geopolitical elements. Regional convergence has been pushed towards multi-level and multilateralism as a result of the changes that have occurred in the world since the conclusion of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar geopolitical structure. The results of regional convergence in various East Asian and European regions have demonstrated that these regions have made progress toward economic dynamism and development and have contributed more significantly to the stable security environment within the global power structure and geopolitical system. One of the Southwest Asian nations with a wide range of structural and functional capabilities in terms of its immediate surroundings in line with regional integration is Iran. Regarded as indicators of Iran's capacity for regional integration and its geopolitical position in the region, the geographical base of the Iranian plateau and its natural features, on the one hand, and the presence of various ethnicities and religions in border regions with geographic obstacles surrounding Iran, on the other. Thanks to Southwest Asia, this nation is at the center of regional political, security, economic, and cultural changes. Despite the fact that Iran's geography has several chances and objective and subjective geopolitical variables that point toward regional integration, this significance has not been practically formed at various political, economic, security, and cultural levels. The lack of sufficient and accurate information on the geopolitical elements effective in the process of integration in many dimensions and scales is one of the reasons why regional integration mechanisms around Iran have not been formed. One of the strategic identity organizations in and around Iran is working to build platforms for the union of the Kurds. Despite Iran's ethnic, historical, cultural, and civilizational history, Kurds, with a sizable population, are dispersed among the nations of Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Iran. The regional powers view the Kurds as crisis-causing elements in the region's security order. With regard to the Kurds, our nation has taken a passive approach to utilizing the Kurds' potential for regional integration, and this attitude has prompted the rivals to utilize the Kurds' potential in order to increase their regional and global power. The Kurdistan region of Iraq is one of the regions near Iran created as a federal unit in the Iraqi constitution following changes in Iraq's political structure and developments in the Middle East region. On the one hand, Iran, as a strategic regional power, is very important for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in political, cultural, security, and economic dimensions. On the other hand, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is strategically important to Iran on multiple levels and in different structural and functional dimensions. In order to achieve the convergence of development and regional security, this research uses a qualitative methodology based on geopolitical concepts to examine the political-security factors influencing the convergence of the Iraqi Kurdistan region with Iran at sub-national, national, regional, and global geographical scales.

The information for this study was gathered via semi-structured interviews, library materials, and online resources. Sixty elites and researchers knowledgeable about Iranian foreign policy and Kurdish issues participated in a semi-structured interview to first extract the elements and indicators. Then, these indicators were again presented to the researchers in the form of a questionnaire for weighing. The study's findings indicate that in accordance with regional geopolitical equations, factors related to the regional scale have the greatest influence on the convergence of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region with Iran. These factors include the Iraqi Kurdistan Region's geopolitical dependence on Iran; the Kurdistan region of Iraq is vulnerable to threats to its security and is dependent on Iran; the Turkish government's military presence in Iraqi Kurdistan and the failure of the Turkish-Kurdish peace process; Iran's impact on the future political structure of Syria and its impact on the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Also, the convergence and cooperation between the Kurdistan region of Iraq and Iran impact the security and development of Iran and Iraq.

The study's findings indicate that there are already political and security integration capabilities for the Kurdistan region of Arakhsh, and there are geographical scale factors that, if discovered and used, can make it easier for the Kurdistan region to integrate with Iran.

the security and development of Iran and Iraq are impacted by the convergence and collaboration between Iran and the Kurdistan area of Iraq.                                                                                               

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAll of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.